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Basic concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left">

<ul><li><a href="Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li>

<li><a href="Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Competition_law_theory" title="Competition law theory">Competition law theory</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_competition_law" title="History of competition law">History of competition law</a></li>

<li><a href="Herfindahl%E2%80%93Hirschman_index" title="Herfindahl–Hirschman index">Herfindahl–Hirschman index</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a> and <a href="Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coercive_monopoly" title="Coercive monopoly">Coercive</a></li>

<li><a href="Government-granted_monopoly" title="Government-granted monopoly">Government-granted monopoly</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li>

<li><a href="State_monopoly" title="State monopoly">State</a> and <a href="Legal_monopoly" title="Legal monopoly">Legal monopoly</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">Market concentration</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_power" title="Market power">Market power</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monopoly_profit" title="Monopoly profit">Monopoly profit</a></li>

<li><a href="Profit_margin" title="Profit margin">Profit margin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Merger_control" title="Merger control">Merger control</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-compete_clause" title="Non-compete clause">Non-compete clause</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_but_significant_and_non-transitory_increase_in_price" title="Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price">SSNIP test</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">Regulatory agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">Regulatory economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Relevant_market" title="Relevant market">Relevant market</a></li></ul></td>

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<a href="Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">Anti-competitive practices</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left">

<ul><li><a href="Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dividing_territories" title="Dividing territories">Dividing territories</a></li>

<li>Formation of <a href="Cartel" title="Cartel">cartels</a></li>

<li><a href="Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">Price fixing</a> (<a href="List_of_price_fixing_cases" title="List of price fixing cases">List</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Bid_rigging" title="Bid rigging">Bid rigging</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacit_collusion" title="Tacit collusion">Tacit collusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_licensing" title="Occupational licensing">Occupational licensing</a> and <a href="Occupational_closure" title="Occupational closure">closure</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cornering_the_market" title="Cornering the market">Cornering the market</a></li>

<li><a href="Embrace%2C_extend%2C_and_extinguish" title="Embrace, extend, and extinguish">Embrace, extend, and extinguish</a></li>

<li><a href="Exclusive_dealing" title="Exclusive dealing">Exclusive dealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a></li>

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<li><a href="Predatory_pricing" title="Predatory pricing">Predatory pricing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Price_gouging" title="Price gouging">Price gouging</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a> and <a href="Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a></li>

<li><a href="Raising_rivals'_costs" title="Raising rivals' costs">Raising rivals' costs</a></li>

<li><a href="Refusal_to_deal" title="Refusal to deal">Refusal to deal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Group_boycott" title="Group boycott">Group boycott</a></li>

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<li><a href="Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Noerr%E2%80%93Pennington_doctrine" title="Noerr–Pennington doctrine">Noerr–Pennington doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Parker_immunity_doctrine" title="Parker immunity doctrine">Parker immunity doctrine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a></li>

<li><a href="Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></li></ul></td>

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Competition regulators</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left">

<ul><li><a href="Competition_regulator" title="Competition regulator">List of competition regulators</a>

<ul><li><a href="International_Competition_Network" title="International Competition Network">International Competition Network</a></li></ul></li></ul></td>

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<p>The <b>essential facilities doctrine</b> (sometimes also referred to as the <b>essential facility doctrine</b>) is a <a href="Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">legal doctrine</a> which describes a particular type of claim of <a href="Monopolization" title="Monopolization">monopolization</a> made under <a href="Competition_law" title="Competition law">competition laws</a>. In general, it refers to a type of <a href="Anti-competitive_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-competitive behavior">anti-competitive behavior</a> in which a firm with <a href="Market_power" title="Market power">market power</a> uses a "<a href="Bottleneck_(logistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottleneck (logistics)">bottleneck</a>" in a market to deny competitors entry into the market. It is closely related to a claim for <a href="Refusal_to_deal" title="Refusal to deal">refusal to deal</a>.

</p><p>The doctrine has its origins in <a href="United_States_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States law">United States law</a>, but it has been adopted (often with some modification) into the legal systems of <a href="Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="Law_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the <a href="Law_of_the_European_Union" title="Law of the European Union">European Union</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Under the essential facilities doctrine, a <a href="Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolist</a> found to own "a facility essential to other competitors" is required to provide reasonable use of that facility, unless some aspect of it precludes shared access.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic elements of a <a href="Claim_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim (legal)">legal claim</a> under this doctrine under <a href="United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a>, which a <a href="Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a> is required to show to establish liability, are:

</p>

<ol><li>control of the essential facility by a monopolist</li>

<li>a competitor’s inability to practically or reasonably duplicate the essential facility</li>

<li>the denial of the use of the facility to a competitor; and</li>

<li>the feasibility of providing the facility to competitors</li></ol>

<p>The <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>'s ruling in <i><a href="Verizon_Communications_v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko%2C_LLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP">Verizon v. Trinko</a></i>, 540 U.S. 398 (2004), in effect added a fifth element: absence of regulatory oversight from an agency (the <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>, in that case) with power to compel access.

</p><p>These elements are difficult for potential plaintiffs to establish for several reasons. It is quite difficult for a plaintiff to demonstrate that a particular facility is "essential" to entry into and/or competition within the <a href="Relevant_market" title="Relevant market">relevant market</a>. The plaintiff must demonstrate that the "facility" must be something so indispensable to entry or competition that it would be impossible for smaller firms to compete with the market leader. Likewise, the plaintiff must show that compelling the <a href="Dominance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (economics)">dominant firm</a> to permit others to use the facility would not interfere with the ability of the dominant firm to serve its own customers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

<p>The first notable case to address the anti-competitive implications of an essential facility was the Supreme Court's judgment in <i><a href="United_States_v._Terminal_Railroad_Association" title="United States v. Terminal Railroad Association">United States v. Terminal Railroad Association</a></i>, 224 U.S. 383 (1912).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of railroads controlling all railway bridges and switching yards into and out of <a href="St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> prevented competing railway companies from offering transportation to and through that destination. The court held it to be an illegal restraint of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Similar decisions include,

</p>

<ul><li><i><a href="Associated_Press_v._United_States" title="Associated Press v. United States">Associated Press v. United States</a></i>, 326 U.S. 1 (1945), in which the Supreme Court found that the <a href="Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> bylaws which limited membership and therefore access to copyrighted news services violated the Sherman Act.</li>

<li>In <i><a href="Lorain_Journal_Co._v._United_States" title="Lorain Journal Co. v. United States">Lorain Journal Co. v. United States</a></i>, 342 U.S. 143, 146-49 (1951), <i><a href="The_Lorain_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lorain Journal">The Lorain Journal</a></i> was the only local business doing news and advertisements in town. The case was that refusing to place an ad for the customers of a small radio station was a Sherman Act violation. In the end, the court accepted an offer to simply accept the advertisements.</li>

<li><i><a href="Otter_Tail_Power_Co._v._United_States" title="Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States">Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States</a></i>, 410 U.S. 366, 377-79 (1973), in which the Supreme Court found that <a href="Otter_Tail_Corporation" title="Otter Tail Corporation">Otter Tail</a>, an electrical utility which sold electricity at both directly to consumers and to municipalities who resold to consumers, violated the Sherman Act by refusing to supply electricity at wholesale, instead serving customers directly itself.</li>

<li><i><a href="Aspen_Skiing_Co._v._Aspen_Highlands_Skiing_Corp." title="Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp.">Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp.</a></i>, 472 U.S. 585 (1985), upholding the <i>Lorain Journal</i> decision in holding that Aspen Skiing violated § 2 of the <a href="Sherman_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Act">Sherman Act</a> by refusing to honor vouchers and <a href="Ski_lift" title="Ski lift">ski lift</a> tickets after it had previously done so.</li>

<li><i><a href="Otter_Tail_Power_Co._v._United_States#Hecht_case" title="Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States">Hecht v. Pro Football</a></i> where potential American Football League franchise did not show they needed Washington's <a href="RFK_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="RFK Stadium">RFK Stadium</a>, the essential facilities doctrine was not met.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_of_the_doctrine">Application of the doctrine</h2></div>

<p>There is controversy about what exactly constitutes an "essential facility". While the doctrine has most frequently been applied to <a href="Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">natural monopolies</a> such as <a href="Public_utility" title="Public utility">utilities</a> and owners of transportation facilities, it has also been applied in situations involving <a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>. For example, it is possible for a court to apply the doctrine in a case where one competitor refuses to sell materials protected by <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> or <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> to potential competitors.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></li>

<li><a href="Essential_patent" title="Essential patent">Essential patent</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott B. Lipsky, Jr. & J. Gregory Sidak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterioneconomics.com/docs/essential_facilities1.pdf"><i>Essential Facilities</i></a>, 51 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">

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</style><span class="smallcaps">Stan. L. Rev.</span> 1187, 1190–91 (1999).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott B. Lipsky, Jr. & J. Gregory Sidak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterioneconomics.com/docs/essential_facilities1.pdf"><i>Essential Facilities</i></a>, 51 Stan. L. Rev.]] 1187, 1189–91 (1999).</span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<p>Sullivan, E. Thomas, and <a href="Herbert_Hovenkamp" title="Herbert Hovenkamp">Hovenkamp, Herbert</a>. <i>Antitrust Law, Policy, and Procedure: Cases, Materials, and Problems, Fifth Edition</i>. <a href="LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a> Publishers, 2004. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8205-6104-5</bdi> pp. 701–706.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Pitofsky" title="Robert Pitofsky">Robert Pitofsky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/346"><i>The Essential Facilities Doctrine Under United States Antitrust Law</i></a>, 70 <span class="smallcaps">Antitrust</span> L.J. 443 (2002).</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304023910/http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/PracticeNote.aspx?id=2517">Brief explanation of the doctrine</a> from the <a href="International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121440/http://www.compcom.co.za/resources/september2002/pages/04_facilities.htm">Article on the doctrine</a> from the Competition Commission of South Africa </li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_antitrust_law804" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="United_States_antitrust_law804" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_United_States_antitrust_law" title="History of United States antitrust law">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> (1887–1996)</li>

<li><a href="Bureau_of_Corporations" title="Bureau of Corporations">Bureau of Corporations</a> (1903–1915)</li>

<li><a href="Pujo_Committee" title="Pujo Committee">Pujo Committee</a> (1912–1913)</li>

<li><a href="Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (1914–)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Department_of_Justice_Antitrust_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division">U.S. Justice Department Antitrust Division</a> (1919–)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Competition_Policy%2C_Antitrust_and_Consumer_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Competition Policy, Antitrust and Consumer Rights">U.S. Senate Judiciary Antitrust Subcommittee</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_House_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_the_Administrative_State%2C_Regulatory_Reform%2C_and_Antitrust" title="United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Administrative State, Regulatory Reform, and Antitrust">U.S. House Judiciary Antitrust Subcommittee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes and<br>regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">Interstate Commerce Act of 1887</a></li>

<li><a href="Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> (1890)</li>

<li><a href="Elkins_Act" title="Elkins Act">Elkins Act</a> (1903)</li>

<li><a href="Expediting_Act" title="Expediting Act">Expediting Act</a> (1903)</li>

<li><a href="Publicity_In_Taking_Evidence_Act" title="Publicity In Taking Evidence Act">Publicity In Taking Evidence Act</a> (1913)</li>

<li><a href="Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914" title="Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914">Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a></li>

<li><a href="Webb%E2%80%93Pomerene_Act" title="Webb–Pomerene Act">Webb–Pomerene Act</a> (1918)</li>

<li><a href="Willis_Graham_Act" title="Willis Graham Act">Willis Graham Act</a> (1921)</li>

<li><a href="Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act" title="Capper–Volstead Act">Capper–Volstead Act</a> (1922)</li>

<li><a href="Robinson%E2%80%93Patman_Act" title="Robinson–Patman Act">Robinson–Patman Act</a> (1936)</li>

<li><a href="Wheeler%E2%80%93Lea_Act" title="Wheeler–Lea Act">Wheeler–Lea Act</a> (1938)</li>

<li><a href="McCarran%E2%80%93Ferguson_Act" title="McCarran–Ferguson Act">McCarran–Ferguson Act</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Celler%E2%80%93Kefauver_Act" title="Celler–Kefauver Act">Celler–Kefauver Act</a> (1950)</li>

<li><a href="Sports_Broadcasting_Act_of_1961" title="Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961">Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961</a></li>

<li><a href="Newspaper_Preservation_Act_of_1970" title="Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970">Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunney_Act" title="Tunney Act">Tunney Act</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Hart%E2%80%93Scott%E2%80%93Rodino_Antitrust_Improvements_Act" title="Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act">Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="National_Cooperative_Research_and_Production_Act" title="National Cooperative Research and Production Act">National Cooperative Research and Production Act</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Executive_Order_14036" title="Executive Order 14036">Executive Order 14036</a> (2021)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supreme Court<br>case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a><br>Section 1 case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="United_States_v._American_Tobacco_Co." title="United States v. American Tobacco Co.">United States v. American Tobacco Co.</a></i> (1911)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Socony-Vacuum_Oil_Co." title="United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.">United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.</a></i> (1940)</li>

<li><i><a href="International_Salt_Co._v._United_States" title="International Salt Co. v. United States">International Salt Co. v. United States</a></i> (1947)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Line_Material_Co." title="United States v. Line Material Co.">United States v. Line Material Co.</a></i> (1948)</li>

<li><i><a href="Kiefer-Stewart_Co._v._Seagram_%26_Sons%2C_Inc." title="Kiefer-Stewart Co. v. Seagram & Sons, Inc.">Kiefer-Stewart Co. v. Seagram & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (1951)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._New_Wrinkle%2C_Inc." title="United States v. New Wrinkle, Inc.">United States v. New Wrinkle, Inc.</a></i> (1952)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Loew's_Inc." title="United States v. Loew's Inc.">United States v. Loew's Inc.</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Wise" title="United States v. Wise">United States v. Wise</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="Silver_v._New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="Silver v. New York Stock Exchange">Silver v. New York Stock Exchange</a></i> (1963)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Singer_Mfg._Co." class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Singer Mfg. Co.">United States v. Singer Mfg. Co.</a></i> (1963)</li>

<li><i><a href="Albrecht_v._Herald_Co." title="Albrecht v. Herald Co.">Albrecht v. Herald Co.</a></i> (1968)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Glaxo_Group_Ltd." title="United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.">United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.</a></i> (1973)</li>

<li><i><a href="Goldfarb_v._Virginia_State_Bar" title="Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar">Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar</a></i> (1975)</li>

<li><i><a href="Continental_Television%2C_Inc._v._GTE_Sylvania%2C_Inc." title="Continental Television, Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc.">Continental Television, Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc.</a></i> (1977)</li>

<li><i><a href="Illinois_Brick_Co._v._Illinois" title="Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois">Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1977)</li>

<li><i><a href="Arizona_v._Maricopa_County_Medical_Society" title="Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society">Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society</a></i> (1982)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rice_v._Norman_Williams_Co." title="Rice v. Norman Williams Co.">Rice v. Norman Williams Co.</a></i> (1982)</li>

<li><i><a href="Copperweld_Corp._v._Independence_Tube_Corp." title="Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.">Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.</a></i> (1984)</li>

<li><i><a href="Jefferson_Parish_Hospital_District_No._2_v._Hyde" title="Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde">Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde</a></i> (1984)</li>

<li><i><a href="NCAA_v._Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Oklahoma" title="NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma">NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma</a></i> (1984)</li>

<li><i><a href="Matsushita_Electric_Industrial_Co._v._Zenith_Radio_Corp." title="Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.">Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.</a></i> (1986)</li>

<li><i><a href="State_Oil_Co._v._Khan" title="State Oil Co. v. Khan">State Oil Co. v. Khan</a></i> (1997)</li>

<li><i><a href="Texaco_Inc._v._Dagher" title="Texaco Inc. v. Dagher">Texaco Inc. v. Dagher</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="Bell_Atlantic_Corp._v._Twombly" title="Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly">Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Leegin_Creative_Leather_Products%2C_Inc._v._PSKS%2C_Inc." title="Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.">Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="American_Needle%2C_Inc._v._National_Football_League" title="American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League">American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League</a></i> (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="Ohio_v._American_Express_Co." title="Ohio v. American Express Co.">Ohio v. American Express Co.</a></i> (2018)</li>

<li><i><a href="National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association_v._Alston" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston">National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston</a></i> (2021)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a><br>Section 2 case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Standard_Oil_Co._of_New_Jersey_v._United_States" title="Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States">Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States</a></i> (1911)</li>

<li><i><a href="Lorain_Journal_Co._v._United_States" title="Lorain Journal Co. v. United States">Lorain Journal Co. v. United States</a></i> (1951)</li>

<li><i><a href="Walker_Process_Equipment%2C_Inc._v._Food_Machinery_%26_Chemical_Corp." title="Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.">Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="Otter_Tail_Power_Co._v._United_States" title="Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States">Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States</a></i> (1973)</li>

<li><i><a href="Aspen_Skiing_Co._v._Aspen_Highlands_Skiing_Corp." title="Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp.">Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp.</a></i> (1985)</li>

<li><i><a href="Spectrum_Sports%2C_Inc._v._McQuillan" title="Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan">Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan</a></i> (1993)</li>

<li><i><a href="Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._Law_Offices_of_Curtis_V._Trinko%2C_LLP" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP">Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP</a></i> (2004)</li>

<li><i><a href="Weyerhaeuser_Co._v._Ross-Simmons_Hardwood_Lumber_Co." title="Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co.">Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co.</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Pacific_Bell_Telephone_Co._v._linkLine_Communications%2C_Inc." title="Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine Communications, Inc.">Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine Communications, Inc. </a></i> (2009)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman<br>Antitrust Act</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="United_States_v._E._C._Knight_Co." title="United States v. E. C. Knight Co.">United States v. E. C. Knight Co.</a></i> (1895)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Trans-Missouri_Freight_Association" title="United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association">United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association</a></i> (1897)</li>

<li><i><a href="Addyston_Pipe_%26_Steel_Co._v._United_States" title="Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States">Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States</a></i> (1899)</li>

<li><i><a href="Northern_Securities_Co._v._United_States" title="Northern Securities Co. v. United States">Northern Securities Co. v. United States</a></i> (1904)</li>

<li><i><a href="Swift_%26_Co._v._United_States" title="Swift & Co. v. United States">Swift & Co. v. United States</a></i> (1905)</li>

<li><i><a href="Loewe_v._Lawlor" title="Loewe v. Lawlor">Loewe v. Lawlor</a></i> (1908)</li>

<li><i><a href="Dr._Miles_Medical_Co._v._John_D._Park_%26_Sons_Co." title="Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co.">Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co.</a></i> (1911)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Terminal_Railroad_Association" title="United States v. Terminal Railroad Association">United States v. Terminal Railroad Association</a></i> (1912)</li>

<li><i><a href="Chicago_Board_of_Trade_v._United_States" title="Chicago Board of Trade v. United States">Chicago Board of Trade v. United States</a></i> (1918)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Colgate_%26_Co." title="United States v. Colgate & Co.">United States v. Colgate & Co.</a></i> (1919)</li>

<li><i><a href="Federal_Baseball_Club_v._National_League" title="Federal Baseball Club v. National League">Federal Baseball Club v. National League</a></i> (1922)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._General_Electric_Co." title="United States v. General Electric Co.">United States v. General Electric Co.</a></i> (1926)</li>

<li><i><a href="Interstate_Circuit%2C_Inc._v._United_States" title="Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States">Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1939)</li>

<li><i><a href="Ethyl_Gasoline_Corp._v._United_States" title="Ethyl Gasoline Corp. v. United States">Ethyl Gasoline Corp. v. United States</a></i> (1940)</li>

<li><i><a href="Fashion_Originators'_Guild_of_America_v._FTC" title="Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC">Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC</a></i> (1941)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Masonite_Corp." title="United States v. Masonite Corp.">United States v. Masonite Corp.</a></i> (1942)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Univis_Lens_Co." title="United States v. Univis Lens Co.">United States v. Univis Lens Co.</a></i> (1942)</li>

<li><i><a href="Parker_v._Brown" title="Parker v. Brown">Parker v. Brown</a></i> (1943)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._South-Eastern_Underwriters_Ass'n" title="United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n">United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n</a></i> (1944)</li>

<li><i><a href="Associated_Press_v._United_States" title="Associated Press v. United States">Associated Press v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li>

<li><i><a href="Hartford-Empire_Co._v._United_States" title="Hartford-Empire Co. v. United States">Hartford-Empire Co. v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li>

<li><i><a href="Bigelow_v._RKO_Radio_Pictures%2C_Inc." title="Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.">Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (1946)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures%2C_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (1948)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._United_States_Gypsum_Co." title="United States v. United States Gypsum Co.">United States v. United States Gypsum Co.</a></i> (1948–1950)</li>

<li><i><a href="Besser_Manufacturing_Co._v._United_States" title="Besser Manufacturing Co. v. United States">Besser Manufacturing Co. v. United States</a></i> (1951)</li>

<li><i><a href="Times-Picayune_Publishing_Co._v._United_States" title="Times-Picayune Publishing Co. v. United States">Times-Picayune Publishing Co. v. United States</a></i> (1953)</li>

<li><i><a href="Toolson_v._New_York_Yankees%2C_Inc." title="Toolson v. New York Yankees, Inc.">Toolson v. New York Yankees, Inc.</a></i> (1953)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._International_Boxing_Club_of_New_York%2C_Inc." title="United States v. International Boxing Club of New York, Inc.">United States v. International Boxing Club of New York, Inc.</a></i> (1955)</li>

<li><i><a href="Radovich_v._National_Football_League" title="Radovich v. National Football League">Radovich v. National Football League</a></i> (1957)</li>

<li><i><a href="Klor's%2C_Inc._v._Broadway-Hale_Stores%2C_Inc." title="Klor's, Inc. v. Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc.">Klor's, Inc. v. Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc.</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Parke%2C_Davis_%26_Co." title="United States v. Parke, Davis & Co.">United States v. Parke, Davis & Co.</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Haywood_v._National_Basketball_Association" title="Haywood v. National Basketball Association">Haywood v. National Basketball Association</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Zenith_Radio_Corp._v._Hazeltine_Research%2C_Inc." title="Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.">Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Flood_v._Kuhn" title="Flood v. Kuhn">Flood v. Kuhn</a></i> (1972)</li>

<li><i><a href="Broadcast_Music%2C_Inc._v._CBS_Inc." title="Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.">Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.</a></i> (1979)</li>

<li><i><a href="California_Retail_Liquor_Dealers_Ass'n_v._Midcal_Aluminum%2C_Inc." title="California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass'n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc.">California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass'n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc.</a></i> (1980)</li>

<li><i><a href="American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers%2C_Inc._v._Hydrolevel_Corp." title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Inc. v. Hydrolevel Corp.">American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Inc. v. Hydrolevel Corp.</a></i> (1982)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mitsubishi_Motors_Corp._v._Soler_Chrysler-Plymouth%2C_Inc." title="Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.">Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li>

<li><i><a href="Eastman_Kodak_Co._v._Image_Technical_Services%2C_Inc." title="Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc.">Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc.</a></i> (1992)</li>

<li><i><a href="Hartford_Fire_Insurance_Co._v._California" title="Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California">Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California</a></i> (1993)</li>

<li><i><a href="Illinois_Tool_Works_Inc._v._Independent_Ink%2C_Inc." title="Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.">Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="North_Carolina_State_Board_of_Dental_Examiners_v._FTC" title="North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC">North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC</a></i> (2015)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">Interstate Commerce Act</a><br>case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="United_States_v._Trans-Missouri_Freight_Association" title="United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association">United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association</a></i> (1897)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._ICC_(1970)" title="United States v. ICC (1970)">United States v. ICC</a></i> (1970)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914" title="Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914">Clayton Antitrust Act</a><br>case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Duplex_Printing_Press_Co._v._Deering" title="Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering">Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering</a></i> (1921)</li>

<li><i><a href="Fashion_Originators'_Guild_of_America_v._FTC" title="Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC">Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC</a></i> (1941)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mercoid_cases" title="Mercoid cases">Mercoid cases</a></i> (1944)</li>

<li><i><a href="Hartford-Empire_Co._v._United_States" title="Hartford-Empire Co. v. United States">Hartford-Empire Co. v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li>

<li><i><a href="Bigelow_v._RKO_Radio_Pictures%2C_Inc." title="Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.">Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (1946)</li>

<li><i><a href="General_Motors_streetcar_conspiracy" title="General Motors streetcar conspiracy">United States v. National City Lines Inc.</a></i> (1948)</li>

<li><i><a href="Standard_Oil_Co._v._United_States_(Standard_Stations)" title="Standard Oil Co. v. United States (Standard Stations)">Standard Oil Co. v. United States</a></i> (1949)</li>

<li><i><a href="Tampa_Electric_Co._v._Nashville_Coal_Co." title="Tampa Electric Co. v. Nashville Coal Co.">Tampa Electric Co. v. Nashville Coal Co. </a></i> (1961)</li>

<li><i><a href="Silver_v._New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="Silver v. New York Stock Exchange">Silver v. New York Stock Exchange</a></i> (1963)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Philadelphia_National_Bank" title="United States v. Philadelphia National Bank">United States v. Philadelphia National Bank</a></i> (1963)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Continental_Can_Co." title="United States v. Continental Can Co.">United States v. Continental Can Co.</a></i> (1964)</li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Consolidated_Foods_Corp." title="FTC v. Consolidated Foods Corp.">FTC v. Consolidated Foods Corp.</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Dean_Foods_Co." title="FTC v. Dean Foods Co.">FTC v. Dean Foods Co.</a></i> (1966)</li>

<li><i><a href="Zenith_Radio_Corp._v._Hazeltine_Research%2C_Inc." title="Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.">Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Hawaii_v._Standard_Oil_Co._of_California" title="Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. of California">Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. of California</a></i> (1972)</li>

<li><i><a href="Illinois_Brick_Co._v._Illinois" title="Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois">Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1977)</li>

<li><i><a href="Pfizer_Inc._v._Government_of_India" title="Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India">Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India</a></i> (1978)</li>

<li><i><a href="Brooke_Group_Ltd._v._Brown_%26_Williamson_Tobacco_Corp." title="Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.">Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.</a></i> (1993)</li>

<li><i><a href="Apple_Inc._v._Pepper" title="Apple Inc. v. Pepper">Apple Inc. v. Pepper</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">FTC Act</a> case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Fashion_Originators'_Guild_of_America_v._FTC" title="Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC">Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC</a></i> (1941)</li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Motion_Picture_Advertising_Service_Co." title="FTC v. Motion Picture Advertising Service Co.">FTC v. Motion Picture Advertising Service Co.</a></i> (1953)</li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Sperry_%26_Hutchinson_Trading_Stamp_Co." title="FTC v. Sperry & Hutchinson Trading Stamp Co.">FTC v. Sperry & Hutchinson Trading Stamp Co.</a></i> (1972)</li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Actavis%2C_Inc." title="FTC v. Actavis, Inc.">FTC v. Actavis, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robinson%E2%80%93Patman_Act" title="Robinson–Patman Act">Robinson–Patman Act</a><br>case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Matsushita_Electric_Industrial_Co._v._Zenith_Radio_Corp." title="Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.">Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.</a></i> (1986)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Continental_Paper_Bag_Co._v._Eastern_Paper_Bag_Co." title="Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.">Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.</a></i> (1908)</li>

<li><i><a href="Black_%26_White_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co._v._Brown_%26_Yellow_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co." title="Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.">Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.</a></i> (1928)</li>

<li><i><a href="Watson_v._Buck" title="Watson v. Buck">Watson v. Buck</a></i> (1941)</li>

<li><i><a href="National_Broadcasting_Co._v._United_States" title="National Broadcasting Co. v. United States">National Broadcasting Co. v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li>

<li><i><a href="Dawson_Chemical_Co._v._Rohm_%26_Haas_Co." title="Dawson Chemical Co. v. Rohm & Haas Co.">Dawson Chemical Co. v. Rohm & Haas Co.</a></i> (1980)</li>

<li><i><a href="District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals_v._Feldman" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman">District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman</a></i> (1983)</li>

<li><i><a href="Credit_Suisse_Securities_(USA)_LLC_v._Billing" title="Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC v. Billing">Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC v. Billing</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Comcast_Corp._v._Behrend" title="Comcast Corp. v. Behrend">Comcast Corp. v. Behrend</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Animal_Science_Products_v._Hebei_Welcome_Pharmaceuticals" title="Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals">Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals</a></i> (2018)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other federal<br>case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="United_States_v._Motion_Picture_Patents_Co." title="United States v. Motion Picture Patents Co.">United States v. Motion Picture Patents Co.</a></i> (1915)</li>

<li><i><a href="Consolidated_Music_Corporation" title="Consolidated Music Corporation">United States v. Consolidated Music Corporation</a></i> (1922)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Vehicular_Parking_Ltd." title="United States v. Vehicular Parking Ltd.">United States v. Vehicular Parking Ltd.</a></i> (1944)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Alcoa" title="United States v. Alcoa">United States v. Alcoa</a></i> (1945)</li>

<li><i><a href="Gamco%2C_Inc._v._Providence_Fruit_%26_Produce_Building%2C_Inc." title="Gamco, Inc. v. Providence Fruit & Produce Building, Inc.">Gamco, Inc. v. Providence Fruit & Produce Building, Inc.</a></i> (1952)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Morgan_(1953)" title="United States v. Morgan (1953)">United States v. Morgan</a></i> (1953)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Krasnov" title="United States v. Krasnov">United States v. Krasnov</a></i> (1956)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Huck_Mfg._Co." class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Huck Mfg. Co.">United States v. Huck Mfg. Co.</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="Robertson_v._National_Basketball_Ass'n" title="Robertson v. National Basketball Ass'n">Robertson v. National Basketball Ass'n</a></i> (1977)</li>

<li><i><a href="SmithKline_Corp._v._Eli_Lilly_%26_Co." title="SmithKline Corp. v. Eli Lilly & Co.">SmithKline Corp. v. Eli Lilly & Co.</a></i> (1978)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Westinghouse_Electric_Co." title="United States v. Westinghouse Electric Co.">United States v. Westinghouse Electric Co.</a></i> (1981)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._AT%26T_(1982)" title="United States v. AT&T (1982)">United States v. AT&T</a></i> (1982)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mid-South_Grizzlies_v._National_Football_League" title="Mid-South Grizzlies v. National Football League">Mid-South Grizzlies v. National Football League</a></i> (1983)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Syufy_Enterprises" title="United States v. Syufy Enterprises">United States v. Syufy Enterprises</a></i> (1990)</li>

<li><i><a href="Wilk_v._American_Medical_Association" title="Wilk v. American Medical Association">Wilk v. American Medical Association</a></i> (1990)</li>

<li><i><a href="A.D._Bedell_Wholesale_Co.%2C_Inc._v._Philip_Morris_Inc." title="A.D. Bedell Wholesale Co., Inc. v. Philip Morris Inc.">A.D. Bedell Wholesale Co., Inc. v. Philip Morris Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="United States v. Microsoft Corp.">United States v. Microsoft Corp.</a></i> (2001)</li>

<li><i><a href="Fraser_v._Major_League_Soccer" title="Fraser v. Major League Soccer">Fraser v. Major League Soccer</a></i> (2002)</li>

<li><i><a href="LePage's%2C_Inc._v._3M" title="LePage's, Inc. v. 3M">LePage's, Inc. v. 3M</a></i> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="Advanced_Micro_Devices%2C_Inc._v._Intel_Corp." title="Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.">Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Dentsply_Int'l%2C_Inc." title="United States v. Dentsply Int'l, Inc.">United States v. Dentsply Int'l, Inc.</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="Tritent_International_Corp._v._Kentucky" title="Tritent International Corp. v. Kentucky">Tritent International Corp. v. Kentucky</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp." title="Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.">Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><a href="De_Beers_antitrust_litigation" title="De Beers antitrust litigation">De Beers antitrust litigation</a> (2008)</li>

<li><i><a href="Redbox_Automated_Retail_LLC_v._Universal_City_Studios_LLLP" title="Redbox Automated Retail LLC v. Universal City Studios LLLP">Redbox Automated Retail LLC v. Universal City Studios LLLP</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="Princo_Corp._v._ITC" title="Princo Corp. v. ITC">Princo Corp. v. ITC</a></i> (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems Inc., et al.</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Apple_(2012)" title="United States v. Apple (2012)">United States v. Apple Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="O'Bannon_v._NCAA" title="O'Bannon v. NCAA">O'Bannon v. NCAA</a></i> (2015)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._AT%26T_(2019)" title="United States v. AT&T (2019)">United States v. AT&T</a></i> (2015)</li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Qualcomm" title="FTC v. Qualcomm">FTC v. Qualcomm</a></i> (2020)</li>

<li><i><a href="New_York_v._Deutsche_Telekom" title="New York v. Deutsche Telekom">New York v. Deutsche Telekom</a></i> (2020)</li>

<li><i><a href="Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games v. Apple</a></i> (2021)</li>

<li><i><a href="Burnett_v._National_Association_of_Realtors" title="Burnett v. National Association of Realtors">Burnett v. National Association of Realtors</a></i> (2023)</li>

<li><i><a href="Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i> (2023)</li>

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Microsoft" title="FTC v. Microsoft">FTC v. Microsoft</a></i> (2023)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2024)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ongoing<br>litigation ‡</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="FTC_v._Amazon" title="FTC v. Amazon">FTC v. Amazon</a></i> (2023)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Apple_(2024)" title="United States v. Apple (2024)">United States v. Apple Inc.</a></i> (2024)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="United States v. Live Nation Entertainment">United States v. Live Nation Entertainment</a></i> (2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Block_booking" title="Block booking">Block booking</a></li>

<li><a href="Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">Breakup of the Bell System</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulk-sale_restriction" title="Bulk-sale restriction">Bulk-sale restriction</a></li>

<li><a href="Bundling_(antitrust_law)" title="Bundling (antitrust law)">Bundling</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_investigative_demand" title="Civil investigative demand">Civil investigative demand</a></li>

<li><a href="Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">Consent decree</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumer_welfare_standard" title="Consumer welfare standard">Consumer welfare standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dividing_territories" title="Dividing territories">Dividing territories</a></li>

<li><a href="Exclusive_dealing" title="Exclusive dealing">Exclusive dealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hub-and-spoke_conspiracy" title="Hub-and-spoke conspiracy">Hub-and-spoke conspiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingsbury_Commitment" title="Kingsbury Commitment">Kingsbury Commitment</a></li>

<li><a href="Merger_guidelines" title="Merger guidelines">Merger guidelines</a></li>

<li><a href="Modification_of_Final_Judgment" title="Modification of Final Judgment">Modification of Final Judgment</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Brandeis_movement" title="New Brandeis movement">New Brandeis movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Noerr%E2%80%93Pennington_doctrine" title="Noerr–Pennington doctrine"><i>Noerr–Pennington</i> doctrine</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Osteopathic_Physicians_%26_Surgeons_v._California_Medical_Ass'n" title="Osteopathic Physicians & Surgeons v. California Medical Ass'n">Osteopathic Physicians & Surgeons v. California Medical Ass'n</a></i> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="Parker_immunity_doctrine" title="Parker immunity doctrine">Parker immunity doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_misuse" title="Patent misuse">Patent misuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-sale_restraint" title="Post-sale restraint">Post-sale restraint</a></li>

<li><a href="Raising_rivals'_costs" title="Raising rivals' costs">Raising rivals' costs</a></li>

<li><a href="Relevant_market" title="Relevant market">Relevant market</a></li>

<li><a href="Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting" title="Report on Chain Broadcasting">Report on Chain Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_payment_patent_settlement" title="Reverse payment patent settlement">Reverse payment patent settlement</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_of_reason" title="Rule of reason">Rule of reason</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_request" title="Second request">Second request</a></li>

<li><a href="Successors_of_Standard_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Successors of Standard Oil">Successors of Standard Oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfairness_doctrine" title="Unfairness doctrine">Unfairness doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilateral_policy" title="Unilateral policy">Unilateral policy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ date of filing</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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